Acylation and Alkylation

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Catalysts 1.1.1. Acidic Catalysts 1.1.2. Basic Catalysts 1.1.3. Organometallic Catalysts 1.2. Alkylating and Acylating Agents 1.3. Mechanism 1.3.1. Alkylation 1.3.2. Acylation 2. Alkylation and Acylation of Aromatic Compounds 2.1. Alkylation 2.1.1. Alkylation of Benzene 2.1.2. Cycloalkylation 2.1.3. Alkylation of Substituted Benzenes 2.1.4. Alkylation of Phenols 2.1.5. Alkylation of Aromatic Amines 2.1.6. Alkylation of Heteroaromatic Compounds and Related Substrates 2.1.7. Miscellaneous Alkylation Reactions 2.2. Acylation 2.2.1. Acylation of Benzene and Benzene Derivatives 2.2.2. Acylation of Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds 2.2.3. Acylation of Heteroaromatic Compounds 2.2.4. Acylation of Nonbenzenoid Aromatic Compounds 2.2.5. Miscellaneous Acylation Reactions 3. Acylation and Alkylation of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 4. N‐Alkylation andN‐Acylation 4.1. N‐Alkylation 4.1.1. N‐Alkylation by Alcohols or Ethers 4.1.2. N‐Alkylation by Alkyl Halides 4.1.3. N‐Alkylation by Olefins 4.1.4. N‐Alkylation by Carbonyl Compounds (Reductive Alkylation) 4.2. N‐Acylation 5. O‐Alkylation andO‐Acylation 5.1. Synthesis of Esters 5.2. Synthesis of Anhydrides 5.3. Synthesis of Ethers 6. CH‐Alkylation andCH‐Acylation of Nonaromatic Compounds 7. Synthesis of Metal Alkyls