Prediction models for bioavailability of Cu and Zn during composting: Insights into machine learning

Bioavailability assessment of heavy metals in compost products is crucial for evaluating associated environmental risks. However, existing experimental methods are time-consuming and inefficient. The machine learning (ML) method has demonstrated excellent performance in predicting heavy metal fractions. In this study, based on the conventional physicochemical properties of 260 compost samples, including compost time, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, organic matter (OM), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen, and total heavy metal, back propagation neural network, gradient boosting regression, and random forest (RF) models were used to predict the dynamic changes in bioavailable fractions of Cu and Zn during composting. All three models could be used for effective prediction of the variation trend in bioavailable fractions of Cu and Zn; the RF model showed the best prediction performance, with the prediction level higher than that reported in related studies. Although the key factors affecting changes among fractions were different, OM, EC, and TP were important for the accurate prediction of high fractions of bioavailable Cu and Zn. This study provides simple and efficient ML models for predicting bioavailable fractions of Cu and Zn during composting, and offers a rapid evaluation method for the safe application of compost products. Available heavy metal fractions are a group of hazardous materials that brought potential threats to environment and human health. It is necessary that available Cu and Zn was used for assessing the landuse risk of compost products. Machine learning tend to take place of chemical examination with the advantage of instant and economy. This work confirms that machine learning models can effectively predict the available fractions of Cu and Zn based on compost properties, which help to evaluate the risk associated with the bioavailability of heavy metals in compost production settings.