A review: Progress and trend advantage of dopamine electrochemical sensor

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter in the human nervous system. Abnormal dopamine conditions can cause diseases such as Parkinson's, stimulating studies to develop electrochemical methods that are real time, sensitive, and selective compared with traditional methods. This review begins by exploring the various types of electrode modifications used in the development of dopamine sensors, such as the combination of enzymes, aptamers, inorganic materials and derivates, metal oxides, noble metals and molecularly imprinted polymers. Enzyme-based dopamine sensors use specific enzymes to recognize and detect dopamine with high specificity towards dopamine. Aptamer-based sensors employ DNA or RNA aptamers as recognition elements that selectively bind dopamine. MIP-based sensors utilize synthetic polymers imprinted with dopamine molecules to achieve selective recognition. The use of inorganic molecules such as graphene, noble metals, and metal oxides can enhance sensor performance by improving the sensitivity and stability of bioreceptors, with even inorganic materials like reduced graphene oxide (rGO) capable of serving as sole modifiers for electrochemical sensor modification. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each sensor type and proposes future research directions, including optimization of sensor fabrication techniques and exploration of new nanomaterials to enhance the performance of electrochemical dopamine sensors.