Combined predictive value of serum endothelin-1 and fibroblast growth factor-23 for in-stent restenosis following vertebral artery stenting: a novel biomarker strategy

The combined assessment of serum ET-1 and FGF23 exhibits a synergistic predictive role for ISR after VAS. The ET-1/FGF23 model enables personalized risk stratification, guiding targeted therapies to reduce recurrent ischemic events and healthcare costs.