Capacitive Membrane Stripping for Ammonia Recovery (CapAmm) from Dilute Wastewaters

A novel cost-effective flow-electrode capacitive deionization unit combined with a hydrophobic gas-permeable hollow fiber membrane contactor (designated "CapAmm") is described here and used for efficient recovery of ammonia from dilute synthetic wastewaters. During operation, ammonia migrates across a cation exchange membrane and selectively accumulates in the cathode chamber of a flow electrode followed by transformation to dissolved NH3 with subsequent stripping via a membrane contactor and recovery as ammonium sulfate. Our results demonstrate that the CapAmm process can achieve an ammonia removal efficiency of ∼90% and a recovery efficiency of ∼60%. At current densities of 5.8 and 11.5 A m–2 (normalized by the effective cation exchange membrane area) and a hydraulic retention time of 1.48 min, the energies required for ammonia recovery were 9.9 and 21.1 kWh (kg of N)−1, respectively, with these values being comparable with those of other similar electrochemical ammonia recovery systems. These findings suggest that the CapAmm technology described here has the potential for the dual purposes of cost-effective salt removal and the recovery of ammonia from wastewaters, with greater stability, better flexibility, and greater energy efficiency compared to those of other methods.