Gastric Emptying of Proteins: Influence of Structure, Food Matrix, and Processing Effects

ABSTRACT Gastric emptying plays a critical role in food digestion and nutrient absorption, as well as hormonal responses that impact food consumption, such as satiety. It is regulated by a complex interplay of intrinsic physiological factors (e.g., hormonal feedback like cholecystokinin [CCK] and ghrelin, gastric contractions), the intragastric environment, and central nervous system signaling via the vagus nerve. The impact of food properties on gastric emptying has been investigated for over a century. However, a detailed understanding of how the properties of protein‐rich foods affect gastric emptying has only recently emerged. This article begins with a review of the gastric emptying process, its neurohumoral regulation, and methods for monitoring these processes. It then discusses the influence of food properties and human physiology on the gastric emptying of proteins. We also describe how processing impacts protein digestion and satiety responses. The article concludes by highlighting how food matrix affects protein digestion and satiety responses. The information from this review may help guide the development of healthier protein‐rich foods to control gastric emptying and improve satiety responses.