MAPK pathway‐related tyrosine phosphatases regulate development, secondary metabolism and pathogenicity in fungus Aspergillus flavus

Summary Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are highly conserved in eukaryotic cells and are known to play crucial roles in the regulation of various cellular processes. However, compared with kinase‐mediated phosphorylation, dephosphorylation catalysed by phosphatases has not been well characterized in filamentous fungi. In this study, we identified five MAPK pathway‐related phosphatases (Msg5, Yvh1, Ptp1, Ptp2 and Oca2) and characterized their functions in Aspergillus flavus , which produces aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), one of the most toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites. These five phosphatases were identified as negative regulators of MAPK (Slt2, Fus3 and Hog1) pathways. Deletion of Msg5 and Yvh1 resulted in significant defects in conidiation, sclerotia formation, aflatoxin production and crop infection. Additionally, double knockout mutants (Δ Msg5/ Δ Ptp1 , Δ Msg5/ Δ Ptp2 and Δ Msg5/ Δ Oca2 ) displayed similar defects to those observed in the Δ Msg5 single mutant, indicating that Msg5 plays a major role in the regulation of development and pathogenicity in A . flavus . Importantly, we found that the active site at C439 is essential for the function of the Msg5 phosphatase. Furthermore, the MAP kinase Fus3 was found to be involved in the regulation of development, aflatoxin biosynthesis and pathogenicity, and its conserved phosphorylation residues (Thr and Tyr) were critical for the full range of its functions in A . flavus . Overall, our results reveal that MAPK related tyrosine phosphatases play important roles in the regulation of development, secondary metabolism and pathogenicity in A . flavus , and could be developed as potential targets for preventing damage caused by this fungal pathogen.