Pulmonary Interstitial Spaces and Lymphatics

The sections in this article are: 1 Structure and Composition of Pulmonary Interstitium 1.1 Pulmonary Interstitial Connective Tissues 1.2 Physicochemical Properties of Interstitial Matrix 1.3 Vascular and Extravascular Fluid Compartments in the Lung 1.4 Effect of Increased Hydration on Tissue Fluid Compartments 2 Starling Forces and Lymph Flow 2.1 Theoretical Considerations 2.2 Endothelial Pathways 2.3 Filtration Coefficient 2.3.1 Gravimetric Procedures 2.3.2 Estimation of Capillary Filtration Coefficients with Starling Equation 2.3.3 Estimation of Changes in Plasma-Bound Dye Concentrations 2.3.4 Estimation of Capillary Filtration Coefficients with Maximal Filtration Rates 2.4 Capillary Pressure 2.5 Tissue Fluid Pressure 2.5.1 Measurement Theories 2.5.2 Measurement of Average Interstitial Pressure 2.5.3 Estimation of Average Interstitial Fluid Pressure by Analysis of Transcapillary Forces 2.5.4 Calculation of Perivascular Pressure with Mechanical Stress Analyses 2.5.5 Measurement of Hilar Perivascular Fluid Pressure 2.5.6 Measurement of Septal Perivascular Fluid Pressure 2.6 Estimation of Intra-Alveolar Fluid Pressure by Analysis of Structure 2.6.1 Effect of Interdependence on Interstitial Fluid Pressure 2.7 Interstitial Compliance 2.8 Interstitial Fluid Pressure Gradients 2.9 Colloid Osmotic Pressure Gradient 2.9.1 Measurement of Capillary Selectivity to Plasma Proteins 2.9.2 Effect of Increasing Capillary Pressure on the Colloid Osmotic Gradient 2.9.3 Equilibration Times of Proteins Between Plasma and Lymph 2.10 Lymph Flow 2.10.1 Formation of Lymph 2.10.2 Effect of Increased Capillary Pressure on Lymph Flow 2.10.3 Mechanisms of Lymph Propulsion 2.10.4 Effect of Lymphatic Obstruction 2.10.5 Effect of Airway Pressure on Capillary Filtration 2.11 Analyses of Force Changes During Formation of Alveolar Edema: Edema Safety Factor 3 Abnormal Capillary Permeability to Plasma Proteins (Leaky Lung Syndromes) 3.1 α-Naphthylthiourea 3.2 Hydrochloric Acid Aspiration 3.3 Hemorrhagic Shock 3.4 Septic Shock 3.5 Histamine 3.6 High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema 3.7 Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema 3.8 Microemboli Vascular Damage 3.9 Oxygen Toxicity 3.10 Other Compounds 3.11 Possible Mechanisms: Superoxide System 4 Sequence and Pathways for Pulmonary Edema Formation 5 conclusion5 Conclusions