Lignocelluloses Modified TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanomaterials as Renewable Photocatalyst for Water Splitting

Photocatalytic water splitting process is a hopeful means to solve depletion and environmental pollution problems caused by fossil fuels as well as for sustainable hydrogen production using renewable natural resources like sunlight and biomass (cotton stalk). In this study the aim was to fabricate cotton stalk extracted Lignocellulose (LGO) Titanium oxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles via sol-gel in ethanol and to investigate their photocatalytic water splitting activities under Visible light irradiation. Hence, in this study the opportunity for structural development of lignocellulose (LGO) modified TiO₂ nanomaterial towards highly efficient and realistic photocatalysis applications are evidently abundant after improved light absorption, charge-carrier dynamics, and improved particle size porosity that benefits photocatalysis functionalities. LGO-TiO₂ nanoparticle, (≈19.57 nm) for photocatalysis was prepared via sol-gel method. The fabricated nanomaterial photoelectrochemical characterization was operated using three electrode system with a photoanode as a working electrode, coiled Pt wire as a counter electrode and Hg/Hg₂Cl₂ as a reference electrode, and 0.5 M Na₂SO₄ (with pH buffered at 6.75) purged with N₂, solution was applied as a supporting electrolyte. The structural and morphological characterizations of the fabricated nanomaterial are carried out using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques, based upon which the mechanistic insights are discussed. SEM analysis suggests that an average size of particle grain size is found to be in the range of 0.5-4 μm. The photocurrent densities of regular TiO₂ and LGO-TiO₂ towards water splitting reaction under light illumination from xenon lamp were compared and found in reasonable agreement. The work also studied the application of visible light illuminated LGO-TiO₂ photoanode photocatalyst to the overall water splitting with a photoconversion efficiency of 18.91% higher than that of bare TiO2 nanoparticles and this suggests that surface functionality, surface topography, porosity and particle size, as well as purity and chemical composition of the prepared sample was successfully functionalized..