Recent Advances in Photoelectrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Mycotoxins and Marine Biotoxins in Food: Identification and Signal Amplification Strategy

Mycotoxins and marine biotoxins are highly toxic metabolites produced by fungi and phytoplankton, respectively. They can enter the body of humans and animals through feed or food, causing acute or chronic toxicity on the endocrine and nervous systems, which eventually pose a serious threat to humans and animals' life. Development of inexpensive, fast, specific, and sensitive analytical methods for mycotoxin and marine biotoxin detection in foodstuffs and the environment is of great importance. Owing to the advantages of simple operation, inexpensive and small-sized instrument, high detection sensitivity and selectivity, ease in achieving intelligence, and real-time detection, photoelectrochemical sensors have been applied to detect these toxins. This review summarized the application of photoelectrochemical sensors for mycotoxin and marine biotoxin detection in recent years, especially the recognition approaches for mycotoxins and marine biotoxins and the signal amplification strategies for photoelectrochemical sensors. Ultimately, the current challenges and prospects in this field were also discussed.