The lncRNA EPIC1 suppresses dsRNA-induced type I IFN signaling and is a therapeutic target to enhance TNBC response to PD-1 inhibition

Increases in retroelement-derived double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) in various types of cancer cells facilitate the activation of antitumor immune responses. The long noncoding RNA EPIC1 interacts with the histone methyltransferase EZH2 and contributes to tumor immune evasion. Here, we found that EPIC1 in tumor cells suppressed cytoplasmic dsRNA accumulation, type I interferon (IFN) responses, and antitumor immunity. In various cancer cell lines, knockdown of EPIC1 stimulated the production of dsRNA from retroelements and an antiviral-like type I IFN response that activated immune cells. EPIC1 inhibited the expression of LINE, SINE, and LTR retroelements that were also repressed by EZH2, suggesting a potential role for the EPIC1-EZH2 interaction in regulating dsRNA production. In a humanized mouse model, in vivo delivery of EPIC1-targeting oligonucleotides enhanced dsRNA accumulation in breast cancer xenografts, reduced tumor growth, and increased the infiltration of T cells and inflammatory macrophages into tumors. Furthermore, EPIC1 knockdown improved the therapeutic efficacy of the immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab, a PD-1 inhibitor, in the humanized mouse model. Together, our findings establish EPIC1 as a key regulator of dsRNA-mediated type I IFN responses and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy.