Cleavage of Bcl-2-associated athanogene by metacaspase determines plant antiviral immunity

Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) function as core components of innate immunity in both plants and animals. In animals, NLR activation initiates caspase-mediated immune signaling. In contrast, plants lack caspases but instead contain metacaspases (MCAs/MCs), yet their role in antiviral immunity and whether they interface with NLR signaling remain largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that cleavage of the conserved immune regulator Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) by metacaspase 4 (MCAIIa/MC4) induces cell death and activates antiviral immunity in plants. Upon Begomovirus infection, MC4 cleaves BAG3 to release its N-terminal functional domain (BAG3-N) from autoinhibition. BAG3-N assembles into oligomers and induces cell death, effectively inhibiting viral replication. This signaling also interfaces with NLR networks in certain plant species. Viral replication-associated proteins (Reps) counteract this defense response by binding to BAG3-N, highlighting an evolutionary arms race between plants and viruses. Evolutionary analyses reveal that a lysine substitution at position 50 of BAG3 confers its ability to induce cell death in angiosperms. These findings identify BAG3 as a conserved immune regulator linking metacaspase activation to antiviral defense, providing a mechanistic basis for engineering crops with enhanced resistance to insect-borne viruses. This study identifies BAG3 as a conserved immune regulator in plants and demonstrates that its cleavage by metacaspase 4 triggers cell death and antiviral defense, offering a potential strategy for engineering virus-resistant crops.