Integrating metal-organic framework ZIF-8 with green modifier empowered bacteria with improved bioremediation

Suspended microorganisms often experience diminished efficacy in the bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, the potential of zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) and the eco-friendly modifier citric acid (CA) was harnessed to generate a biomimetic mineralized protective shell on the surface of Bacillus subtilis ZL09–26, resulting in an enhanced capability for PAH degradation. This investigation encompassed the integrated responses of B. subtilis ZL09–26 to ZIF-8 and ZIF-8-CA at both cellular and proteomic levels. The amalgamation of ZIF-8 and CA not only stimulated the growth and bolstered the cell viability of B. subtilis ZL09–26, but also counteracted the toxic effects of phenanthrene (PHE) stress. Remarkably, the bioremediation prowess of B. subtilis ZL09–26@ZIF-8-CA surpassed that of ZL09–26@ZIF-8 and ZL09–26, achieving a PHE removal rate of 94.14 % within 6 days. After undergoing five cycles, ZL09–26@ZIF-8-CA demonstrated an enduring PHE removal rate exceeding 83.31 %. A complex interplay of various metabolic pathways orchestrated cellular responses, enhancing PHE transport and degradation. These pathways encompassed direct PHE biodegradation, central carbon metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, purine metabolism, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. This study not only extends the potential applications of biomineralized organisms but also offers alternative strategies for effective contaminant management.