Genetic diversity of the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae

Genome sequencing analyses from 765 specimens of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii from 15 locations across Africa characterize patterns of gene flow and variations in population size, and provide a resource for studying the evolution of natural malaria vector populations. Anopheles gambiae is the primary mosquito vector responsible for the transmission of malaria in most of sub-Saharan Africa. Alistair Miles, Dominic Kwiatkowski and colleagues report analyses from the Anopheles gambiae 1000 Genomes Project (Ag1000G), including low-coverage genome sequences of 765 specimens of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii, caught in the wild at 15 locations across 8 countries in Africa. The authors analyse genetic variation, finding a high level of genetic diversity in these populations, and characterize patterns of gene flow and variations in population size. These datasets provide a resource for studies into the evolution of malaria vector populations that could guide control strategies and be used to address problems such as the evolution of insecticide resistance. The sustainability of malaria control in Africa is threatened by the rise of insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes, which transmit the disease1. To gain a deeper understanding of how mosquito populations are evolving, here we sequenced the genomes of 765 specimens of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii sampled from 15 locations across Africa, and identified over 50 million single nucleotide polymorphisms within the accessible genome. These data revealed complex population structure and patterns of gene flow, with evidence of ancient expansions, recent bottlenecks, and local variation in effective population size. Strong signals of recent selection were observed in insecticide-resistance genes, with several sweeps spreading over large geographical distances and between species. The design of new tools for mosquito control using gene-drive systems will need to take account of high levels of genetic diversity in natural mosquito populations.