Improving Forest Above-Ground Biomass Retrieval Using Multi-Sensor L- and C- Band SAR Data and Multi-Temporal Spaceborne LiDAR Data

Due to the great structural and species diversity of tropical forests and limitations of the methods used to estimate aboveground biomass, there is uncertainty in quantifying its carbon sequestration potential. Measuring carbon sequestered in the terrestrial ecosystem and monitoring its dynamics is one of the key objectives in sustainable development goals. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has evolved as a key satellite technology in measuring and monitoring terrestrial carbon sink stored as biomass in plants. This study attempts to model forest above-ground biomass (AGB) using a random forest machine-learning approach where the predictor variables are from C-band (Radarsat-2), L-band (ALOS-2/PALSAR-2), and multi-temporal spaceborne LiDAR data from the GEDI platform. Training and validation data for the machine learning approach are obtained from the field measured inventory campaigns to evaluate the modeled forest biomass accuracies. The results show that variables from L-band (HH, HV), C-band (HV), and canopy height from the GEDI LiDAR platform performed effectively to model forest AGB with the coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) of 0.81 and root mean squared error (rmse) of 19.35 Mg/ha (%rmse – 17.17). In the case of single frequency SAR data, the analysis shows that the model derived from the L-band SAR data and LiDAR performed comparably better than the combination of C-band SAR and LiDAR data with an R 2 of 0.78 and rmse of 21.36 Mg/ha (%rmse – 18.94). The results, thus, demonstrate the potential of SAR data (both single frequency and multiple frequencies) in combination with GEDI LiDAR data in effectively modeling AGB over highly biodiverse tropical forest regions.