Human exposure to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Asia and contributing factors, with a focus on East Asia

India), may influence PFAS exposure differently. Despite these concerns, PFAS regulations in Asia typically fall behind those in Western countries, resulting in significant gaps in risk assessment and regulatory oversight. There is also less pressure to systematically characterize exposure levels and associated health risks. This article examines the pathways of PFAS exposure in Asia, focussing on East Asia due to the availability of data. It examines the main factors contributing to exposure, including PFAS production and associated industries, as well as the consumption of contaminated food and water. The article also identifies future research needs aimed at enhancing the understanding and mitigation of PFAS risks in Asia.