PD-1 inhibition in aged podocytes and glomerular disease

Kidney function is influenced by the complex process of aging, and the global increase in prevalence of chronic kidney disease is partially driven by increases in life expectancy and associated comorbidities. Histologically, kidney aging is characterized by a pattern of nephrosclerosis, with focal segmental and focal global glomerulosclerosis (FSGS and FGGS), tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and arteriolosclerosis. The precise mechanisms underlying glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline and nephron loss that occur during the process of aging remain poorly understood, but alterations in podocyte homeostasis play a key role.