Optimising Drone-Assisted Logistics for Urban Last-Mile Delivery: An Overview of Applications, Methodologies, and Emerging Trends

The rapid evolution of drone-assisted logistics for urban last-mile (ULM) delivery has garnered significant interest from both academia and industry. This article presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art research and practical implementations of ULM systems, focusing on the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for the final stage of goods and parcel delivery in urban environments. The applicability of UAV-based logistics across various contexts, including urban and rural areas, is examined, with real-world case studies highlighted to demonstrate practical uses. Key methodologies and models employed in optimising UAV routing and operations are discussed, particularly those that enhance the efficiency and reliability of ULM. The critical advantages and limitations of drone-assisted last-mile logistics are analysed, providing insights into the operational, regulatory, and technological challenges. The discussion is further expanded by addressing emerging trends in UAV technology, as well as innovations in drone deployment strategies and the evolving regulatory landscape. In conclusion, potential theoretical advancements and future applications of ULM systems are outlined, with an emphasis on integrating drones into broader logistics networks and smart city frameworks. The insights offered aim to guide future research and practical developments in this rapidly advancing field.