Review of river ice force calculation methods

This paper constitutes a review and evaluation of current analytical methods for determining quasi-static ice forces on bridge piers in rivers. Both peer-reviewed and grey literature is evaluated. The aim is to evaluate the applicability of these methods for the calculation of forces on bridge piers in small steep rivers. Limit stress equations will be considered, while thorough consideration of limit force and limit momentum equations are beyond the scope of this review. Disagreement between investigators and scope for further inquiries are highlighted.