A rapid and non‐destructive identification for paper cup evidence based on shifted‐excitation Raman difference spectroscopy and SOM clustering

In order to achieve rapid, non-destructive, efficient, and accurate classification of paper cup samples, we propose a classification model that integrates shifted-excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) with self-organizing map (SOM) and Bayesian optimization-support vector machine (BO-SVM). We collected differential Raman data from 52 paper cup samples using SERDS, with an excitation wavelength range of 784-785 nm, a laser power of 440 mW, an integration time of 10 s, and a spectral range spanning from 280 to 2700 cm