Responses of rhizosphere soil bacteria to 2-year tillage rotation treatments during fallow period in semiarid southeastern Loess Plateau

Background Soil compaction can be mitigated by deep tillage and subsoiling practices following a long period of no-tillage. Fallow tillage rotation methods are frequently used to improve water availability in the soils of the southeastern Loess Plateau region of China. Rhizosphere soil bacteria are ecologically important for the transformation of matter and energy in the plant root system and can be influenced by tillage rotation treatments. However, the effect of tillage rotations on the bacterial community and structure of rhizosphere soil is not well understood. Methods A two-year field experiment was conducted with four tillage rotation treatments, including subsoil–subsoil (SS-SS), subsoil–deep tillage (SS-DT), deep tillage–deep tillage (DT-DT), and the control treatment of no-tillage–no-tillage (NT-NT). Our study was conducted during wheat’s fallow period to investigate the abundance, diversity, and functions of rhizosphere soil bacteria using high-throughput sequencing technology. Results Our results showed that tillage rotation methods significantly influenced the bacterial diversity and composition of the rhizosphere soil in the plough layer (20–40 cm depth) by altering the moisture content of the soil. The metabolism, environmental information processing, and genetic information processing of the bacteria in the rhizosphere soil were affected. The most abundant phyla across all samples were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Frimicutes, Chloroflexi, Nitrospirae, and Verrucomicrobia, which are classic bacterial decomposers in soil. The bacterial diversity and composition was similar for treatments causing higher soil perturbation (SS-DT and DT-DT), which disrupted the balance between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The less disruptive tillage methods (SS-SS and NT-NT), preserved the integrity of the soil bacteria. However, the NT-NT treatment may have led to soil compaction, particularly in the 20–40 cm layer. These results suggested that SS-SS was the most effective tillage rotation practice to accumulate soil moisture, maintain the balance between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, and to enhance the metabolic capacity of rhizosphere soil bacteria. This method may have a significant impact on the sustainable development and farming practices of dryland agriculture.