“Dental Pulp-On-Chip” Microfluidic Devices for Emulating Human Dental Pulp Tissue Physiology and Pathology

The dental pulp is a highly vascularized and innervated connective tissue located at the central part of the tooth and composed of a diverse array of cell types, including fibroblasts, multipotent mesenchymal stem cell, odontoblasts, and immune cells. Traumatic injuries and carious lesions can lead to dental pulp pathologies that often require replacement of damaged tissue with inert materials. Despite significant progress in recent years, cell-based dental pulp regenerative therapies remain distant from clinical applications. The lack of platforms capable of accurately modeling the human dental pulp in all its complexity hampers the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In response, numerous efforts have been focused on the development of innovative microfluidic systems designed to emulate human dental pulp physiology. These "dental pulp-on-chip" platforms enable the recreation of structural and functional complexity in an in vivo-like environment, opening new horizons for patient-specific endodontic therapies and providing valuable tools for targeted drug testing. This review focuses on state-of-the-art microfluidic devices designed to emulate the dental pulp and their specific applications in dental materials testing, drug evaluation, and pulp regeneration. By integrating multiple cell types, biomaterials, and bioactive cues within dynamic microenvironments, "dental pulp-on-chip" devices overcome the constraints of traditional in vitro cultures and animal models and enable the assessment of treatment-induced systemic effects, an aspect often overlooked in dental research. Continued advancements in "dental pulp-on-chip" technology will be pivotal for bridging preclinical research and clinical practice in dental medicine.