Trojan Horse Strategy: How Biomimetic Nanomedicine Remodels the Tumor Microenvironment

Biomimetics is an interdisciplinary field that involves studying the structures, functions, principles, and behaviors of biological systems to draw inspiration and apply this knowledge to technological innovation and engineering design, thereby addressing complex challenges. ​​Biomimetic nanomedicine​​ represents a specific application of biomimetics within the realm of nanomedicine, where biological components are mimicked to construct sophisticated nanodrug delivery systems. These biomimetic nanosystems exhibit multiple unique advantages, including ​​targeted delivery to cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME)​​, ​​prolonged in vivo circulation time​​, ​​enhanced antigen/adjuvant loading capacity​​, and ​​high biocompatibility​​. These properties collectively ​​enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and photodynamic therapy (PDT)​​ by improving tumor-specific targeting and reducing off-target toxicity, thereby establishing biomimetic nanomedicines as ​​a promising platform for reprogramming the TME​​. This review highlights the ​​categorization​​, ​​design principles​​, and ​​manufacturing strategies​​ of biomimetic nanodrugs, providing a ​​systematic review​​ of the interplay between the TME and ​​biomimetic nanomedicines​​, and elucidating how their interaction potentiates tumor-killing efficacy​​. Despite encouraging progress in biomimetic nanomedicines, challenges remain in their clinical translation, including biosafety concerns, scalable manufacturing processes, and optimal drug delivery efficiency. Advances in nanotechnology and precision engineering offer promising avenues for developing personalized biomimetic nanomedicines.