A cloud model and data envelopment analysis‐enhanced FMEA framework for risk assessment in 3D‐printed template‐assisted brachytherapy

We developed a hybrid cloud model-DEA-FMEA framework that mitigates key limitations of traditional risk assessment. When applied to 3DP-IC/IS, this framework demonstrated both feasibility and an enhanced ability to identify and prioritize critical FMs. Our findings highlight its clinical value for improving quality assurance and patient safety, especially in complex, high risk radiotherapy procedures.