Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Dynamics

Abstract Mitochondrial dynamics are a series of different processes that will determine the structure and distribution of this organelle. They include the processes of mitochondrial transport, which allows mitochondria to move along cellular cytoskeleton; fusion and fission processes, which regulate the structure, shape and morphology of these organelles; and the selective degradation or mitophagy, eliminating damaged mitochondria. Moreover, recent studies have described a new mechanism that will also affect mitochondrial distribution: mitochondrial transfer between cells in case of damage or cellular stress. Altogether, these dynamics are essential to allow mitochondria develop their proper function and, consequently, its disruption will be directly related with the initiation or progression of several diseases. Both facts highlight the importance of understanding the underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics. Key Concepts The Miro/Trak proteins are the main complex that determines mitochondrial transport and consequently the distribution of mitochondria. Mitochondrial morphology and shape result from the equilibrium between fission and fusion processes. Selective degradation of mitochondria (mitophagy) regulates and it is regulated by mitochondrial transport, fusion and fission. Mitochondria are not limited by cellular boundaries, they can move also between cells in the process called mitochondrial transfer. Deregulation of mitochondrial dynamics will impair normal physiological responses and is directly related to several diseases. Neurons are highly vulnerable to dysfunction in mitochondrial dynamics.