Divergent camptothecin biosynthetic pathway in Ophiorrhiza pumila

Abstract Background The anticancer drug camptothecin (CPT), first isolated from Camptotheca acuminata , was subsequently discovered in unrelated plants, including Ophiorrhiza pumila . Unlike known monoterpene indole alkaloids, CPT in C. acuminata is biosynthesized via the key intermediate strictosidinic acid, but how O. pumila synthesizes CPT has not been determined. Results In this study, we used nontargeted metabolite profiling to show that 3 α -( S )-strictosidine and 3-( S ), 21-( S )-strictosidinic acid coexist in O. pumila . After identifying the enzymes Op LAMT, Op SLS, and Op STR as participants in CPT biosynthesis, we compared these enzymes to their homologues from two other representative CPT-producing plants, C. acuminata and Nothapodytes nimmoniana , to elucidate their phylogenetic relationship. Finally, using labelled intermediates to resolve the CPT biosynthesis pathway in O. pumila , we showed that 3 α -( S )-strictosidine, not 3-( S ), 21-( S )-strictosidinic acid, is the exclusive intermediate in CPT biosynthesis. Conclusions In our study, we found that O. pumila , another representative CPT-producing plant, exhibits metabolite diversity in its central intermediates consisting of both 3-( S ), 21-( S )-strictosidinic acid and 3 α -( S )-strictosidine and utilizes 3 α -( S )-strictosidine as the exclusive intermediate in the CPT biosynthetic pathway, which differs from C. acuminata . Our results show that enzymes likely to be involved in CPT biosynthesis in O. pumila , C. acuminata , and N. nimmoniana have evolved divergently. Overall, our new data regarding CPT biosynthesis in O. pumila suggest evolutionary divergence in CPT-producing plants. These results shed new light on CPT biosynthesis and pave the way towards its industrial production through enzymatic or metabolic engineering approaches.