Gallbladder-preserving cholecystolithotomy

Transmural GPC mainly focuses on the gallstones, including endoscopic minimally invasive cholecystolithotomy (EMIC)-, natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery-, and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)-GPC. These GPC procedures potentially preserve gallbladder integrity and function after clearance of gallstones. Additionally, transmural GPC may overcome the disadvantages of cholecystectomy, including cosmetic considerations and postoperative complications. However, the stone recurrence rate of EMIC varies greatly from 4.92% to 40.0%, and based on limited studies, long-term adverse events due to gallbladder mucosa and natural lumen injury are largely unknown in transmural GPC. Thus, transmural GPC may be an alternative to cholecystectomy for surgical patients with high-risks and abnormal biliary anatomy. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-based transcystic GPC may be promising for some specific patients with concomitant gallstones and choledocholithiasis, since gallbladder integrity and function may be completely preserved as the gallbladder wall was hardly injured and the function of sphincter of Oddi was retained.