Prediction Model of Immunosuppressive Medication Non-adherence for Renal Transplant Patients Based on Machine Learning Technology

Objectives Predicting adherence to immunosuppressive medication (IM) is important to improve and design future prospective, personalized interventions in Chinese renal transplant patients (RTPs). Methods A retrospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study was performed in 1,191 RTPs from October 2020 to February 2021 in China. The BAASIS was used as the standard to determine the adherence of the patients. Variables of the combined theory, including the general data, the HBM, the TPB, the BMQ, the PSSS and the GSES, were used to build the models. The machine learning (ML) models included LR, RF, MLP, SVM, and XG Boost. The SHAP method was used to evaluate the contribution of predictors to predicting the risk of IM non-adherence in RTPs. Results The IM non-adherence rate in the derivation cohort was 38.5%. Ten predictors were screened to build the model based on the database. The SVM model performed better among the five models, with sensitivity of 0.59, specificity of 0.73, and average AUC of 0.75. The SHAP analysis showed that age, marital status, HBM-perceived barriers, use pill box after transplantation, and PSSS-family support were the most important predictors in the prediction model. All of the models had good performance validated by external data. Conclusions The IM non-adherence rate of RTPs was high, and it is important to improve IM adherence. The model developed by ML technology could identify high-risk patients and provide a basis for the development of relevant improvement measures.