Managing the lifecycle of perovskite solar cells: Addressing stability and environmental concerns from utilization to end-of-life

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown remarkable advancements and achieved impressive power conversion efficiencies since their initial introduction in 2012. However, challenges regarding stability, quality, and sustainability must be addressed for their successful commercial use. This review analyses the recent studies and challenges related to the operating life and end-of-life utilization of PSCs. Strategies to enhance the stability and mitigate the toxic Pb leakage in operational and recycling approaches of discarded PSCs post their end-of-life are examined to establish a viable and sustainable PSC industry. Additionally, future research directions are proposed for the advancements in the PSC industry. The goal is to ensure high efficiency as well as economic and environmental sustainability throughout the lifecycle of PSCs.