How do Workers Adjust to Robots? Evidence from China

Abstract We analyse the effects of exposure to industrial robots on labour market adjustments, exploring longitudinal household data from China. We find that a one standard deviation increase in robot exposure led to a decline in labour force participation (-1%), employment (-7%), and hourly earnings (-8%) of Chinese workers. At the same time, among those who kept working, robot exposure increased the number of hours worked by 8%. These effects were concentrated among the less educated and larger among men, prime-age, and older workers. We also find that more exposed workers increased their participation in technical training and were significantly more likely to retire earlier.