Molecular mechanisms for myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction in the metabolic syndrome

The metabolic syndrome represents a cluster of abnormalities, including obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and Type 2 diabetes, that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease and heart failure. The heart failure risk is increased even after adjusting for coronary artery disease and hypertension, and evidence is emerging that changes in cardiac energy metabolism might contribute to the development of contractile dysfunction. Recent findings suggest that myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac contractile dysfunction in obesity, insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. This review will discuss potential molecular mechanisms for these mitochondrial abnormalities.