PARP1 Is Required for ATM-Mediated p53 Activation and p53-Mediated Gene Expression after Ionizing Radiation

PARP1 and p53 are key players in maintaining genomic stability, but their interplay is still not fully understood. We investigated the impact of PARP1 knockout on the DNA damage response after ionizing radiation (IR) by comparing a U2OS-based PARP1-knockout cell line, established by using the genome-editing system CRISPR/Cas9, with its wild-type counterpart. We intended to gain more insight into the impact of PARP1 on the transcriptional level under basal conditions, after low dose (1 Gy) and high dose (10 Gy) DNA damage induced by IR, aiming to reveal the potential connections between the involved pathways. In the absence of additionally induced DNA damage, lacking PARP1 led to an increased up-regulation of CDKN1A (p21), which caused a G1 arrest and slightly diminished cell proliferation. While a small but comparable transcriptional DNA damage response was observed upon 1 Gy IR in both cell lines, a pronounced transcriptional induction of p53 target genes was evident after treatment with 10 Gy IR exclusively in PARP1-proficient cells, suggesting that PARP1 facilitates the p53 signaling response after IR. Additionally, PARP1 appeared to be required for the ATM-dependent activation of PLK3, which in turn activates p53, leading to its transcriptional damage response. Our results support the involvement of PARP1 activation among the first steps in IR-induced DNA damage response.