Social determinants of health and female reproductive health: risk score development and cross-national study based on multi-national analysis

This study provides the first systematic evidence of a positive dose-response relationship between SDoH scores and female reproductive risk. The findings highlight complex, multi-pathway mechanisms through which SDoH influences reproductive health, modulated by behavioral and metabolic factors. These results underscore the importance of targeted socioeconomic interventions-including improved educational opportunities, economic support, and social environment enhancements-to mitigate disparities in women's reproductive health outcomes.