Multifunctional nanoparticles—cost versus benefit of adding targeting and imaging capabilities

The modern world has utilized the nanoscale-based drug delivery systems to minimize in vivo toxicity and enhance the efficacy of various therapeutic agents. The approved nanocomposites for clinical use have shown a tremendous effect in the mitigation of drug-related toxicity; however, their application has not shown always translational effect in clinical outputs. This lacking has put the opportunity for the development of “multifunctional” nanoparticles, with supplementary features such as targetability and imaging by incorporating contrast to the nanoparticles. Whereas, more functionality involves an extra synthetic process, costs, and effort, more complex in vivo behavior and effects along with critical regulatory hurdles.