Enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution: optimized atomic hydrogen desorption via free-electron transfer in sulfur-rich MoWS2+x on vacancy-engineered CdS crystals

The metal substitution method and in situ sulfur vacancy method synergistically increase carrier density, create electron-rich sites, weaken the S–H ads bond, and enhance hydrogen evolution in MoWS 2+ x /CdS v photocatalysts across the UV-vis-NIR region.