Intrahepatic Microbial Heterogeneity in Multifocal Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Association with Host Genomic and Transcriptomic Alterations

We reveal intraindividual heterogeneous microbial communities among nodules from patients with multifocal HCC. IM-HCC-enriched bacteria promote tumor growth and influence the tumor microenvironment of HCC. Our work highlights the necessity of considering bacterial heterogeneity as biomarkers and targets for multifocal HCC therapeutic intervention. See related commentary by Dzutsev and Trinchieri, p. 1540.