Key determinants of soil labile nitrogen changes under climate change in the Arctic: A meta-analysis of the responses of soil labile nitrogen pools to experimental warming and snow addition

The Arctic terrestrial ecosystems are undergoing rapid climate change, causing shifts in the dynamics of soil nitrogen (N), a pivotal but relatively underexplored component. To understand the impacts of climate change on soil labile N pools, we performed meta- and decision-tree analyses of 391 observations from 38 peer-reviewed publications across the Arctic, focusing on experimental warming and snow addition. Soil dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), ammonium (NH4+), and nitrate (NO3-) pools under experimental warming exhibited overall standard mean differences (SMDs) ranging from −0.08 to 0.02, with no significance (P > 0.05); however, specific conditions led to significant changes. The key determinants of soil labile N responses to warming were experimental duration and mean annual summer temperature for DON; annual precipitation, soil moisture, and sampling timing for NH4+; and soil layer for NO3-. Snow addition significantly increased all labile N pools (overall SMD = 0.23–0.36; P < 0.05), influenced by factors such as sampling timing and vegetation type for DON; experimental duration and soil moisture for NH4+; and soil pH for NO3-. By consolidating and reprocessing datasets, we not only showed the overall responses of soil labile N pools to climate manipulation experiments in Arctic tundra ecosystems but also identified key determinants for changes in soil N pools among environmental and experimental variables. Our findings demonstrate that warming and snow-cover changes significantly affect soil labile N pools, highlighting how the unique environmental characteristics of different sites influence terrestrial N cycling and underscoring the complexity of Arctic N dynamics under climate change.