Alcohol in human milk

This chapter overviews current scientific evidence on the impact of maternal alcohol consumption on human milk composition and breastfeeding, including observational, experimental, and animal studies in the field. Specifically, the chapter includes four sections summarizing: (1) factors that influence the variability of alcohol in human milk; (2) current recommendations on the collection, storage, and management of human milk with regard to alcohol use; (3) methodological and analytical approaches, challenges, and recommendations; and (4) research gaps and recommendations for future research in the field. Taken together, this review highlights an emerging body of evidence on maternal alcohol consumption and its impact on human milk composition and processing. Moreover, significant knowledge gaps are identified across all areas reviewed, underscoring important directions for future research in the field.