DN strategy constructed photo-crosslinked PVA/CNC/P(NIPPAm-co-AA) hydrogels with temperature-sensitive and pH-sensitive properties

The surface and cross-section morphologies of PVA/CNC/P(NIPPAm-co-AA) hydrogels exhibited double-network (DN) and uniform network structures due to the introduction of PNIPAAm and PAA through the photo-crosslinking technology.