BIO alleviated compressive mechanical force‐mediated mandibular cartilage pathological changes through Wnt/β‐catenin signaling activation

ABSTRACT Osteoarthritis induced by compressive mechanical force is characterized by decreased chondrocyte proliferation and degradation of the ECM. To examine underlying mechanisms of the pathological changes of mandibular cartilage induced by compressive mechanical force, an established animal model was used to examine Wnt signaling activation by glycogen synthase kinase‐3 beta (GSK3β) inhibitor 6‐Bromoindirubin‐3′‐oxime (BIO) injection in vivo. Histological changes in mandibular cartilage were assessed via hematoxylin & eosin (HE), masson, and alcian blue staining. Immunohistochemistry and real‐time PCR were performed to evaluate activation of the Wnt signaling pathway and chondrocytes proliferation markers. Chondrocytes apoptosis was examined by TUNEL staining. During the compressive mechanical force loading‐mediated process, Wnt signaling was largely inhibited, which showed the inhibited expression of β‐catenin and the increased expression of GSK‐3β. The expression of chondrocytes proliferation markers Ki67, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) also decreased. With BIO injection, the Wnt signaling was restored and the proliferation of mandibular chondrocytes was also increased in the late stage (7 days) of compressive mechanical force loading. Finally, the decreasing mandibular cartilage thickness, the degradation of extracellular matrix, and the erosion of bone trabecula were subsequently restored. Also, the changes of extracellular matrix markers such as collagen II and collagen X, matrix metalloproteases, and inflammatory cytokines were reversed followed by the injection of BIO. In summary, compressive mechanical force decreased endogenously Wnt signaling, leading to impaired proliferation in chondrocytes and degradation in cartilage matrix. Restoration of Wnt signaling largely recovered the proliferation defects and alleviated the pathological changes of mandibular cartilage. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1228–1237, 2018.