Bacterial cellulose: A comprehensive review

Abstract This review article provides a comprehensive overview of bacterial cellulose (BC), focusing on its physicochemical properties, production methods, purification techniques, and applications. It aims at providing a nuanced understanding of the current state of knowledge in those fields and bridging the gap between academic research and industrial applications. The physicochemical properties of BC, including its chemical structure, morphology, thermal properties, mechanical properties (such as tensile and compression properties), specific surface area, cytotoxicity, and biocompatibility, are discussed. Production methods of BC, including microorganism comparison, culture conditions, and vessel types, are thoroughly explored. Purification methods and sterilization techniques for BC are also addressed. Furthermore, the review highlights industries and applications that have shown interest in BC along with commercially available products, including medical, cosmetic, textile, food ingredients, and scaffolds in cell culture. A conclusion summarizes key findings and potential future directions in BC research and development.