Encapsulation of peptides inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme: A systematic review

Protein hydrolysates (peptides) isolated from various sources have a wide range of biological activities, such as antihypertensive. These peptides inhibit angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) in the cardiovascular system contribute to the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Oral administration of this peptide can be altered by the action of gastrointestinal enzymes. Thus, encapsulation has been an alternative for preserving the activity of ACE inhibitory (ACEi) peptides. The purpose of this article was to systematically review studies that evaluated encapsulation of ACEi peptides. An electronic search of the Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus databases and supplemented by a manual search was conducted from 2011 to 2022. In total, 102 articles were evaluated and only 12 fitted in the inclusion criteria. Nano/liposome is the most common delivery system, although nano/micro-particles have better encapsulation efficiency (EE) value. In general, ionotropic gelation and a combination of sodium alginate and gum arabic provided the best EE value. Among nano/liposomal systems, film hydration technique and phosphatidylcholine (PC) as carrier material has been the predominant choice for ACEi peptide encapsulation, although the use of the film hydration technique showed higher EE values when, soybean phospholipids (SP) was used as carrier material. Thus, the choice of technique and material becomes a crucial step for the effective encapsulation of ACEi peptides.