Proteomics landscape and machine learning prediction of long‐term response to splenectomy in primary immune thrombocytopenia

Summary This study aimed to identify key proteomic analytes correlated with response to splenectomy in primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Thirty‐four patients were retrospectively collected in the training cohort and 26 were prospectively enrolled as validation cohort. Bone marrow biopsy samples of all participants were collected prior to the splenectomy. A total of 12 modules of proteins were identified by weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA) method in the developed cohort. The tan module positively correlated with megakaryocyte counts before splenectomy ( r = 0.38, p = 0.027), and time to peak platelet level after splenectomy ( r = 0.47, p = 0.005). The blue module significantly correlated with response to splenectomy ( r = 0.37, p = 0.0031). KEGG pathways analysis found that the PI3K‐Akt signalling pathway was predominantly enriched in the tan module, while ribosomal and spliceosome pathways were enriched in the blue module. Machine learning algorithm identified the optimal combination of biomarkers from the blue module in the training cohort, and importantly, cofilin‐1 (CFL1) was independently confirmed in the validation cohort. The C‐index of CFL1 was >0.7 in both cohorts. Our results highlight the use of bone marrow proteomics analysis for deriving key analytes that predict the response to splenectomy, warranting further exploration of plasma proteomics in this patient population.