A review of coordination compounds: structure, stability, and biological significance

Abstract Coordination compounds are molecules that contain one or more metal centers bound to ligands. Ligands can be atoms, ions, or molecules that transfer electrons to the metal. These compounds can be charged or neutral. When charged, neighboring counter-ions help stabilize the complex. The metal ion is located at the center of a complex ion, surrounded by other molecules or ions known as ligands. Ligands can be thought of as covalently bonded to the core ion through coordination. Understanding coordination theory in chemistry provides insight into the geometric shape of complexes and the structure of coordination compounds, which consist of a central atom or molecule connected to surrounding atoms or compounds. Inorganic coordination compounds exhibit different properties and are used in synthesizing organic molecules. The coordination of chemicals is vital for the survival of living organisms. Metal complexes are also essential for various biological processes, with many enzymes, known as metalloenzymes, being composed of metal complexes. These metal complexes occur naturally.