Conventional and Emerging Drug Targeting Sites in Alzheimer’s Disease and the Role of Translational Informatics in its Diagnosis and Management

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition, continues to pose significant challenges to modern medicine due to the limited efficacy offered by current therapeutic modalities. With the complex pathophysiology of AD, which includes tau protein accumulation, amyloid-β plaque formation, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction, novel drug-targeting sites must be identified. This study presents a thorough evaluation of novel drug targeting sites, with a focus on these pathological characteristics as promising therapeutic targets while providing an explanation of their role in the course of the disease. We investigate in detail how neurotoxicity, resulting in synapse failure and cognitive impairment, is caused by tau proteins and amyloid plaques. In addition, the article discusses the increasing evidence that synaptic dysfunction is a major factor in the disease's progression, as well as the significance of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of the condition. The review also covers new drug sites such as amyloid-β plaques, tau proteins, and the inhibition of neuroinflammation mediators, in addition to traditional drug sites, including cholinergic and glutamatergic therapeutic targets. Lastly, we discuss the role of translational informatics involving data modeling, predictive analytics, explainable artificial intelligence (AI), and multimodal approaches for the management and prediction of AD. This article will serve as a guide for future research efforts in the fields of neuroscience, neuropharmacology, drug delivery sciences, and translational informatics.