Outcomes of Revision Elbow Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Professional Baseball Players: An Analysis of 191 Pitchers From 2010 to 2023

Background: The number of medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) reconstructions is increasing. The epidemiology surrounding revision MUCL reconstructions in professional baseball players has not been well defined. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to report the epidemiology of revision MUCL reconstruction in professional baseball players. The authors hypothesized that the number of revision MUCL reconstructions has increased over time and that the rate of return to sport at the same level of play is <70%. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: All professional baseball pitchers who underwent revision MUCL reconstruction between 2010 and 2023 were identified using the Major League Baseball Health and Injury Tracking System. Rates of return to play, time to return to play, and return to same level of play were recorded and analyzed for pitchers with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Surgical variables, including technique and graft choice, were also recorded. Results: Overall 191 pitchers (mean age, 26.0 years) underwent revision MUCL reconstruction. The mean time between primary and revision surgery was 1381 days (45 months). Of these players, 130 (68%) were Minor League Baseball pitchers. Hamstring tendon autograft was the most commonly used graft source (n = 90; 47%) when compared with palmaris longus autograft (n = 67; 35%). In terms of tunnel configuration, the modified Jobe and docking techniques were used in equal occurrence (n = 70; 37%). After revision MUCL reconstruction, only 72% of professional baseball pitchers were able to return to play at any level at a mean 556 days (18 months), and only 58% were able to return to the same level of play at a mean 604 days (20 months). The mean time between primary and revision MUCL reconstruction was 45 months (3.75 years). Conclusion: Revision MUCL surgery continues to be a challenging problem, where the procedure is complex, rehabilitation timelines are prolonged, and outcomes are not always optimal. Accordingly, the authors recommend that these procedures be performed by surgeons with high levels of experience.