Synthesis of MOF-derived nanostructures and their applications as anodes in lithium and sodium ion batteries

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), possessing the superiorities with high surface area, tunable structure, highly ordered pores and uniform metal sites, have attracted widespread attention as promising templates for deriving various nanostructured materials, such as porous carbon-based materials, metallic oxides, metallic carbides, metallic chalcogenides, metallic phosphides, and their composites. It has also been demonstrated that all these MOF-derived nanostructures deliver excellent performances for applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices, especially in lithium and sodium ion batteries. During the thermal conversion process of MOF precursors, the selection of pyrolysis parameters is of vital importance for the physicochemical properties of MOF-derived products in terms of composition, morphology, particle size, BET surface area, etc. Herein, this review summarizes the influence of pyrolysis parameters such as temperature, duration time, gas atmosphere as well as heating rate on physicochemical properties of MOF derivatives, which may provide a guidance for the controllable preparation of MOF-derived nanostructures via the rational parameter modulation. In addition, the timely progress of MOF-derived nanostructures as anodes in lithium and sodium ion batteries is also highlighted, and the relationship between pyrolysis parameter and MOF-derived nanostructures as well as lithium and sodium ion batteries is summarized.