Progress in Bismuth/Antimony Halide‐Based Lead‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells via SCAPS‐1D Simulations and Experimental Procedures

Abstract This review article compiled the progress in the use of bismuth (Bi) and antimony (Sb) halide perovskite materials for lead‐free perovskite solar cells (LF‐PSCs). The Bi/Sb‐based perovskite materials exhibit excellent stability in ambient conditions with decent optical properties. The Bi/Sb‐based perovskite absorber materials have been extensively used for the development of LF‐PSCs. Unfortunately, these LF‐PSCs are suffering from low efficiencies. In recent years, solar cell capacitance simulation software (SCAPS‐1D) has been utilized for theoretical studies. SCAPS‐1D‐based studies suggested that the efficiency of the LF‐PSCs can be enhanced by optimizing the thicknesses of different components of LF‐PSCs and other parameters, such as defect density, temperature, use of different electron or hole transport materials. The experimental studies showed that Bi‐ and Sb‐based LF‐PSCs exhibited poor PCE in the research laboratories. On the other hand, SCAPS‐1D‐based results indicated that PCE of the Bi‐ and Sb‐based LF‐PSCs can be enhanced to more than 20%. It is expected that the future world may witness the improvement in the efficiencies of Bi/Sb‐based LF‐PSCs in the research laboratories. We believed that the present review article may benefits and update the audience on the recent progress of Bi/Sb‐based LF‐PSCs.