How Neighborhood Structural and Individual Characteristics Affect Frailty Progression: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

(1) To characterize the average trajectories of frailty over time in Chinese community-dwelling older adults; (2) To assess the effects of neighborhood structural and individual characteristics on frailty progression.A nationally representative prospective cohort study.Communities in 28 provinces, China.6238 respondents aged 60 and above in 447 communities from four waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.Frailty was measured using the 61-item Frailty Index (FI).The trajectory of FI was nonlinear, with an average growth rate of 0.025 that significantly slows down at the rate of 0.002 per year. Older, male, and uninsured respondents showed faster rates of growth in FI over time than younger, female, and insured counterparts. Respondents living in neighborhoods with a higher percentage of the older population and rural villages showed slower rates of growth in FI over time.Expanding health insurance coverage and keeping a high clustering of the elderly in neighborhoods may be the potential strategies for population-level frailty prevention and interventions.