A conceptual analysis of theories on transcendence in later life

Transcendence, as a frequently described late-life developmental process, involves a variety of holistic life experiences that extend beyond time, culture, self, and others. The purpose of this conceptual analysis was to examine the shared component in the transcendence theories focusing on aging and older adults. A literature review of sources gleaned from four databases was conducted, and a conceptual analysis based on a descending hierarchical classification and a correspondence factorial analysis was performed. Fifty-four papers that included a definition of transcendence, gerotranscendence theory, and/or self-transcendence theory were reviewed. Six clusters emerged from the analysis of those definitions: (1) late life shift, (2) enhanced awareness, (3) maturation process, (4) individual experience of transcendence, (5) boundaries expansion, and (6) transcendence level. Results indicate gerotranscendence theory is associated with a mind-set shift in late-life, while self-transcendence theory is connected to the idea of growing awareness and the expansion of boundaries. The two theories share common transcendence aspects, such as overcoming ego matters, modifying ideas about death, and undergoing a maturation process. Conceptual clarification systematizes these theories, contributing to more consistent studies about transcendence later in life.